Constraints in Access to Higher Education: A Case Study of Female in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.241773933Keywords:
Higher Education, Pakistan, Female, Khyber PakhtunkhwaAbstract
Higher Education contributes significant role in building human capital and overall socio- economic and sustainable development of a country. The present study explored female student.s constraints regarding higher education in Pakistan. Qualitative research design was employed in this study. Data were collected from students of girl's colleges in district Mardan using semi structured interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Finding of the study revealed some key constraints i.e. cultural restrictions, family obligation and cultural barriers in higher education, Gender discrimination and higher education, Marriage a Barrier in Women's higher education, Lack of universities, Financial needs, Social and cultural barriers. This study recommends that every girl is unique and special and has the right of access to higher education in order to establish a sustainable society.
Downloads
References
Alam, S. (2017). "Female education: The facilitating and hindering factors regarding female education in Gilgit-Baltistan context of Pakistan."International Women Online Journal of Distance Education 6(2).
Alderman, H. (1998).Gender Differences in Parental Investment in Education. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 9(4), 453-468.
Ara, N. (2012). Gender Discrimination in Education- A Barrier in Development of Female Education at Higher Secondary Level. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, (4), 330-339.
Begum, A. G. Dijkstra (2002). Measuring socio-economicmgender inequality in: Towards an alternative to the UNDP gender-related development index. Working Paper Series. Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, 251: 30.
Blake, J. (1989). Family size and achievement. Berkley university of Californian press, USA.
Bruce, C. C. Anderson. (2004).The impact of family background on educational attainment in Canada. Canada: Discussion paper 2004-19, Department of Economics, University of Calgary
Buchmann, C. &Hannum, E. (2001). Education and Stratification in Developing Countries:A Review of Theories and Research. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp.77-102.
Chaudhry, S. I. (2007).Gender inequality in Education and economic Growth: Case study of Pakistan. Journel of women’s Concerns in International relations, 60, 4, 81-91.
Colclough, C., Rose, P. & Tembon, M. (2000). Gender Inequalities in Primary Schooling: The Roles of Poverty and Adverse Cultural Practice. International Journal of Educational Development, 20, pp.5-27.
Colin, B & Cammish, N. (1997). Factors affecting female participation in education in seven developing countries- Education. Department for International Development.
Dreze, J. & Sen, A. (1995). INDIA Economic Development and Social Opportunity, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Education Department Survey (EDS).
Erulkar, A., Mekbib, T., Simie N., & Gulema, T. (2004). The Experience of Adolescence in Rural Amhara Region Ethiopia. UNFPA, UNICEF, and Population Council. Population Council: New York.
Farah, I. (2007). Female education in Pakistan: A review. In R.Qureshi and J.F.A. Rarieya (Eds.), Gender and education in Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 3-40.
Faridi, Z, M, & Basit, A, B. (2009). Impact of Education on female Labour Force Participation in Pakistan: Empirical Evidence from Primary Data Analysis. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 29(1),127-140.
Fredrickson, B.L. & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification Theory: Toward Understanding Women’s Lived Experiences and Mental Health Risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, pp.173-206.
Ghulam R. M. (2006).Education in Pakistan: The Key Issues, Problems and the New Challenges Department of Education, University of Karachi.
Glaeser, K. (2014). "Till Death Us Do Part: The Evolution of Monogamy." Oglethorpe Journal of Undergraduate Research 4(2), 2.
Gulati, S. (2006). Women Education in 21st Century. Jaipur: ABD Publishers.
Hahn, Y., Islam, A., Nuzhat, K., Smyth, R., & Yang, H.-S. (2018). Education, Marriage, and Fertility: Long-Term Evidence from a Female Stipend Program in Bangladesh. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 66(2), 383-415.
Hakim, A. & Aziz, A. (1998).Socio-Cultural, Religious, and Political Aspects of the Status of Women in Pakistan .Journal of Pakistan Development Review,37, 4 , 727-746
Haq, M. (2007). “Human development in south Asia”. Oxford University Press.
Heise, L. (2013). Social Norms. Introduction, Presentation at the Expert workshop on empowering adolescent girls, 26/4/2013, London.
Heise, L., Ellsberg, M. &Gottemoeller, M. (1999). Ending violence against women: population reports. 27(4). Population Information program Centre for Communication Programs, The Johns Hopkins University.
Himayatullah & S. Parveen. (1990). Interrelationship between population and status of women. In: J. Rural Dev. and Administ. (JORDA), Pak. Acad. for Rural Dev. XXII (2), 113-119.
Iqbal, S. Mohyuddin ,A. Ali, Q. & Saeed, M.(2013). Female Education and Traditional Attitude of Parents in Rural Areas of Hafizabad, Pakistan. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research.18, 1, 59-63
Isran, S. & Isran. A. M. (2012).Low Female Labour Participation in Pakistan: Causes and Conquences. Journal of Social Sciences.32, 2,453-468.
Jain, P., Agarwal, R., Billaiya, R., & Devi, J. (2017). Women education in rural India. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (IJSSH), 1(1), 21-26.
Jalaluddin, M. & Khan, M. (2008). Socio-economic and cultural constraints of women in Pakistan with special reference to Mardan district, NWFP province. Sarhad J. Agric. 24(3),
Khan, A. (2007). Women and paid work in Pakistan. Collective for social Sciences Research, Karachi.
Lindsay & James (2011). Gender Discrimination in workforce and its impact on the Employees. Pak.j. Commer. Soc. Sci. 5(1), 177-191.
Naz, A & Khan, W. (2013). Physical and Infrastructural obstacles to women’s Education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. FWU Journal of Social Sciences.7 (2), 139-145
Rao, B. D. (2006).Reforming Secondary Education, India
Sharma, S.& Kanta, S. (2006).Women Education, Dehli: Anmol Publications.
UNESCO. (2010).Published by UNESCO Asia and Pacific regional Bureau for Education
Yaqoob, T. (2012).Socio-Cultural Constrained Faced by Girls Regarding Access to their Secondary, International Journal of Management sciences and Business Research,1(12), 2226-8235.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Zahid Ullah, Muhammad Abouzar, Nosheen Saba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
