Economics of Education and Digital Learning for Human Capital Development in Pakistan: A Critical Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.349367331Keywords:
Economics of Education, Human Capital Development, Digital LearningAbstract
The objective of the research is to better understand how digital learning, specifically how it affects employability, skills, and economic growth, may enhance the development of human capital within the framework of Pakistan's educational system. This research critically examines the economics of education in Pakistan by addressing significant research issues. It examines the financial barriers to education, focusing on issues including financial inequality and procedural hurdles. The research examines how initiatives for curriculum reform and teacher training help educational institutions support human capital development. It also examines the effects of online education, demonstrating its ability to close knowledge gaps and improve digital literacy. Despite obstacles like the digital divide, this research emphasizes the significance of strategic measures to guarantee equal access to high-quality education and build a trained, flexible workforce essential for Pakistan's socio-economic success. However, implement evidence-based policies to enhance the management of education. Research in the future should concentrate on inventive financing approaches and reliable data.
Downloads
References
Abbas, A., Saud, M., Suhariadi, F., Usman, I., & Ekowati, D. (2020). Positive leadership psychology: Authentic and servant leadership in higher education in Pakistan. Current Psychology, 41(9), 5859-5871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01051-1
Abbass, K., Asif, M., Niazi, A. A., Qazi, T. F., Basit, A., & Al-Muwaffaq Ahmed, F. A. (2022). Understanding the interaction among enablers of quality enhancement of higher business education in Pakistan. PLOS ONE, 17(5), e0267919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267919
Afzaal, H. M., Zafar, S., Anis, F., Abbas, S. Z., & Amjad, F. (2022). Comparative Review Of Special Education Services In Pakistan And India. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(8), 9924-9942. https://journalppw.com/index.php/jpsp/article/view/11738
Ahmad, B., Javed, F., & Ahmad, I. (2022). The Effects of Multilateral and Bilateral Aid on Economic Growth in Pakistan. Human Nature Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1), 7-17.
Akbar, M., Abdullah, Naveed, A., & Syed, S. H. (2021). Does an improvement in rural infrastructure contribute to alleviating poverty in Pakistan? A spatial econometric analysis. Social Indicators Research, 162(1), 475-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02851-z
Aman, J., Abbas, J., Shi, G., Ain, N. U., & Gu, L. (2022). Community well-being under China-Pakistan economic corridor: role of social, economic, cultural, and educational factors in improving residents’ quality of life. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 816592. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.816592
Aslam, S., Saleem, A., Kennedy, T. J., Kumar, T., Parveen, K., Akram, H., & Zhang, B. (2022). Identifying the research and trends in STEM education in Pakistan: A systematic literature review. SAGE Open, 12(3), 215824402211185. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221118545
Bano, N., Yang, S., & Alam, E. (2022). Emerging challenges in technical vocational education and training of Pakistan in the context of CPEC. Economies, 10(7), 153. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10070153
Bourn, D., Kalsoom, Q., Soysal, N., & Ince, B. (2023). Student Teachers' Understanding and Engagement with Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in England, Türkiye (Turkey) and Pakistan.
Burney, S., Iqbal, S., Riaz, K., & Hussain, S. K. (2022). Covid-19 Pandemic: Analysis of E-learning Experience of University Students in Pakistan. KASBIT Business Journal, 15(3), 10-20.
Doane, J. (2023). Application of human capital theory to understand funding inequities in dual language programs. Journal of Education Human Resources, 41(1), 36-49. https://doi.org/10.3138/jehr-2021-0055
Farrukh, M., Soomro, T. R., Ghazal, T. M., Alzoubi, H. M., & Alshurideh, M. (2023). Perspectives of online education in Pakistan: Post-covid scenario. The Effect of Information Technology on Business and Marketing Intelligence Systems, 519-550. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12382-5_28
Forhad, M. A., Alam, G. M., Rashid, M., Haque, A., & Khan, M. S. (2022). Sustainable development in higher engineering education: A comparative study between private and public polytechnics. Sustainability, 14(13), 8094. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14138094
Grant. (2022). Education sector plan. https://www.globalpartnership.org/node/document/download?file=document/file/2022-09-pakistan-khyber-pakhtunkhwa-esp.pdf
Habes, M., Pasha, S. A., Ali, S., Elareshi, M., Ziani, A., & Bashir, B. A. (2022). Technology-enhanced learning acceptance in Pakistani primary education. From the Internet of Things to the Internet of Ideas: The Role of Artificial Intelligence, 53-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17746-0_5
Hanushek, E. A., Woessmann, L., & Machin, S. J. (2023). Handbook of the economics of education. Elsevier.
Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Saud, S., Usman, M., & Quddoos, M. U. (2023). Unveiling the liaison between human capital, trade openness, and environmental sustainability for BRICS economies: Robust panel‐data estimation. Natural Resources Forum, 47(2), 229-256. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12277
Iqbal, S. A., Ashiq, M., Rehman, S. U., Rashid, S., & Tayyab, N. (2022). Students’ perceptions and experiences of online education in Pakistani universities and higher education institutes during COVID-19. Education Sciences, 12(3), 166. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12030166
Jabeen, A., & Khan, S. A. (2022). Economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection: Assessing the existence of green growth in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(44), 66675-66688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20467-9
Kalim, U., & Bibi, S. (2022). A review of public-private partnership for elevating the literacy rate in Pakistan. Journal of Social Sciences Advancement, 3(2), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.52223/jssa22-030205-36
Khalil, A., Haqdad, A., & Sultana, N. (2023). Educational Metaverse For Teaching And Learning In Higher Education Of Pakistan. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 1183-1198.
Khan, N. F., Ikram, N., & Saleem, S. (2023). Digital divide and socio-economic differences in smartphone information security behavior among university students: Empirical evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 22(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmc.2023.131802
Khilji, N. K., & Roberts, S. A. (2022). Soft skills acquisition for the knowledge economy: A research strategy for policy evolution in technical and vocational education and training (TVET) in intermediate and emergent economies. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 379-398. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94036-2_21
Khoso, F. J., & Alwi, S. K. K. (2022). Educators Perception about Leadership Competencies: A Comparison of Public and Private Universities of Pakistan. Pakistan Languages and Humanities Review, 6(1), 66-73. https://doi.org/10.47205/plhr.2022(6-i)6
Kousar, S., Ahmed, F., Afzal, M., & Segovia, J. E. (2023). Is government spending in the education and health sector necessary for human capital development? Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-023-01514-3
Kumar, M., Macharia, P., Nyongesa, V., Kathono, J., Yator, O., Mwaniga, S., McKay, M., Huang, K. Y., Shidhaye, R., Njuguna, S., & Saxena, S. (2022). Human-centered design exploration with Kenyan health workers on proposed digital mental health screening and intervention training development: Thematic analysis of user preferences and needs. DIGITAL HEALTH, 8, 205520762210900. https://doi.org/10.1177/20552076221090035
Maitlo, S. K., Tumrani, A., & Farhat, P. A. (2023). Comparative analysis of ESL learning in public and private sectors at primary level in district Khairpur. Global Language Review, VIII(I), 216-227. https://doi.org/10.31703/glr.2023(viii-i).21
Malik, A. A., Hassan, M., Rizwan, M., Mushtaque, I., Lak, T. A., & Hussain, M. (2023). Impact of academic cheating and perceived online learning effectiveness on academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic among Pakistani students. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124095
Manan, S. A., & Hajar, A. (2022). “Disinvestment” in learners’ multilingual identities: English learning, imagined identities, and neoliberal Subjecthood in Pakistan. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348458.2022.2083623
Mathrani, A., Sarvesh, T., & Umer, R. (2021). Digital divide framework: Online learning in developing countries during the COVID-19 lockdown. Globalisation, Societies and Education, 20(5), 625-640. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2021.1981253
Mouronte-López, M. L., Ceres, J. S., & Columbrans, A. M. (2023). Analysing the sentiments about the education system trough Twitter. Education and Information Technologies, 28(9), 10965-10994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11493-8
Nisa, T. M. U., Akhtar, N., & Ali, Y. (2022). Comparative study between public and private school teachers, job satisfaction and their job performance in District Peshawar. Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, 2(2), 40-47.
Pomirleanu, N., Chennamaneni, P. R., John-Mariadoss, B., & Schibrowsky, J. A. (2023). Building human brands: The role of critical reviews. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 17(5), 681-697. https://doi.org/10.1108/jrim-05-2022-0133
Rani, T., Amjad, M. A., Asghar, N., & Rehman, H. U. (2022). Revisiting the environmental impact of financial development on economic growth and carbon emissions: Evidence from South Asian economies. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 24(9), 2957-2965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-022-02360-8
Raza, H., Ali, A., Rafiq, N., Xing, L., Asif, T., & Jing, C. (2023). Comparison of higher education in Pakistan and China: A sustainable development in student’s perspective. Sustainability, 15(5), 4327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054327
Research, B. (2022). Punjab budget put health and education first. https://www.brecorder.com/news/40100048/punjab-budget-puts-health-education-first
Rind, G. M. (2023). Postcolonial critiques on globalization and privatization of education in Pakistan. Current Issues in Comparative Education, 25(1), 112-120. https://doi.org/10.52214/cice.v25i1.10017
Sultan, M. A., Closser, S., Majidulla, A., Ahmed, S., Naz, F., Nayyab, S., Zaman, A., Shafique, M., & Sohail, A. (2023). How to eradicate polio in Pakistan: Insights from community health workers. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(8), e0002289. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002289
Sultana, T., Dey, S. R., & Tareque, M. (2022). Exploring the linkage between human capital and economic growth: A look at 141 developing and developed countries. Economic Systems, 46(3), 101017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2022.101017
Sumra, K. B., Mumtaz, M., Mohamed, N. D., Haseeb, A., & Ansari, S. H. (2022). Online Education amid COVID-19 Crisis: Issues and Challenges at Higher Education Level in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, (18), 240-259. https://doi.org/10.46661/ijeri.6429
Survey, P. E. (2022). EDUCATION. https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_23/10_Education.pdf
Swanson, R. A. (2022). Foundations of human resource development. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13(4), 471-475. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.1045
Taylor, E. (2022). The foundations of critical race theory in education an introduction. Foundations of Critical Race Theory in Education, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4324/b23210-1
Widyaningsih, A. H., & Arif, M. (2022). Panel data analysis of government policy on human development index in Central Java province. Proceedings of the International Conference on Economics and Business Studies (ICOEBS 2022). https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.220602.052
Zubairi, A., Khalayleh, A., Baloch, I., Mazari, H., Kaye, T., & Groeneveld, C. (2022). Pakistan digital learning landscape analysis. https://doi.org/10.53832/edtechhub.0093
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Urooj Aijaz, Kishwer Sultana Lodhi, Muhammed Asif Shamim, Sana Mughal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
