Existential Issues and Coping: A Qualitative Study of Breast Cancer Women

Authors

  • Farah Kanwal Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Attiya Majeed M.Phil. Scholar, National College of Business Administration and Economics (NCBAE), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Huma Younis MSc Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Amna Aslam Lecturer, Department of Clinical Psychology, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.537119380

Keywords:

Breast Cancer , Women, Coping Strategies , Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Breast cancer was supposed to induce existential issues among women. The study's major aims were to examine breast cancer patients' existential issues and coping mechanisms. The author conducted the interviews using an existential approach to capture the extent to which breast cancer women encountered existential issues. Sample was collected via purposive sampling. In Punjab, Pakistan interviews were conducted with documented breast cancer ladies. The researcher looked at numerous themes that emerged from interviews with ten women with breast cancer, all of whom were under support from the government at the time of the interview. This research was qualitative. Death anxiety, loss of control, meaninglessness, loneliness, freedom of choice, helplessness, and hopelessness were some of the existential challenges identified by reflective thematic analysis of the interview data from women living with breast cancer. And applied a lot of coping strategies against these existential issues like religiosity, sense of spirituality, improved family bounding, rescuer defense, anxiety defense mechanisms (denial, suppression, projection), distancing herself, reinterpreting the event, enhanced self-esteem, reframing the situation, sharing their experience with others, finding reasons to be hopeful, realization, reevaluation, believe on fate, acceptance, universalize the predicament, meaningful activities, counseling session helped them against existential issues.

Author Biography

  • Farah Kanwal, Lecturer, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology (KFUEIT), Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan.

References

Altan, M. Z., Gardner, H., & Altan, M. Z. (2001). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. TESOL Quarterly, 35(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587873

Berman, S. L., Weems, C. F., & Stickle, T. R. (2006). Existential anxiety in adolescents: Prevalence, structure, association with psychological symptoms and identity development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(3), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9032-y

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589-597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806

Brunault, P., Champagne, A., Huguet, G., Suzanne, I., Senon, J., Body, G., Rusch, E., Magnin, G., Voyer, M., Réveillère, C., & Camus, V. (2015). Major depressive disorder, personality disorders, and coping strategies are independent risk factors for lower quality of life in non‐metastatic breast cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology, 25(5), 513-520. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3947

Çalışkan, K. (2018). Toward a new political regime in Turkey: From competitive toward full authoritarianism. New Perspectives on Turkey, 58, 5-33. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2018.10

Crossley, M. L. (1998). Women living with a long-term hiv positive diagnosis. Women's Studies International Forum, 21(5), 521-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5395(98)00064-8

Dheda, K., Gumbo, T., Maartens, G., Dooley, K. E., McNerney, R., Murray, M., Furin, J., Nardell, E. A., London, L., Lessem, E., Theron, G., Van Helden, P., Niemann, S., Merker, M., Dowdy, D., Van Rie, A., Siu, G. K., Pasipanodya, J. G., Rodrigues, C., … Warren, R. M. (2017). The epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission, diagnosis, and management of multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and incurable tuberculosis. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 5(4), 291-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(17)30079-6

Ekedahl, M., & Wengström, Y. (2006). Nurses in cancer care—coping strategies when encountering existential issues. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 10(2), 128-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2005.05.003

Eliason, G. T., Samide, J. L., Williams, G., & Lepore, M. F. (2010). Existential theory and our search for spirituality. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 12(2), 86-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349631003730068

Fradelos, E. C., Papathanasiou, I. V., Veneti, A., Daglas, A., Christodoulou, E., Zyga, S., & Kourakos, M. (2017). Psychological Distress and Resilience in Women Diagnosed with Breast Cancer in Greece. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention: APJCP, 18(9), 2545–2550. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.9.2545

Frankl, V. (2005). On the theory and therapy of mental disorders: An introduction to logotherapy and existential analysis. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003401896

Frankl, V. E. (1967). Logotherapy and existentialism. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 4(3), 138.

Frank-Stromberg, M., Wright, P., Segalla, M. and Diekmann, J. (1984) Psychological impact of the cancer diagnosis. Oncol. Nurs. Forum (3), 16–22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6562633/

Gene Meraviglia, M. (2004). The effects of spirituality on well-being of people with lung cancer. Oncology Nursing Forum, 31(1), 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1188/04.onf.89-94

Gold, K. J., Andrew, L. B., Goldman, E. B., & Schwenk, T. L. (2016). “I would never want to have a mental health diagnosis on my record”: A survey of female physicians on mental health diagnosis, treatment, and reporting. General Hospital Psychiatry, 43, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2016.09.004

Gonzalez, M. T., Hartig, T., Patil, G. G., Martinsen, E. W., & Kirkevold, M. (2011). A prospective study of existential issues in therapeutic horticulture for clinical depression. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32(1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2010.528168

Greenberg, J., Koole, S. L., & Pyszczynski, T. A. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of experimental existential psychology. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001020

Greening, T. (1971). Existential Humanistic Psychology. Brooks, Cole, Monterey, CA.

Hergenhahn, B. R., & Henley, T. (2013). An introduction to the history of psychology. Cengage Learning. https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-existentialism.html

Hullett, M. A. (1994). A Validation Study of the Existential Anxiety Scale.

Kanwal, F., Fahd, S., & Malik, A. Y. (2022). Exploration of Existential Issues: A Qualitative Study of Breast Cancer Women. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 10(2), 804-812. https://doi.org/10.52131/pjhss.2022.1002.0245

King, M., Valle, R. S., & Citrenbaum, C. (1978). Existential-phenomenological implications for psychotherapy.

Koole, S. L., Greenberg, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (2006). Introducing science to the psychology of the soul. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15(5), 212-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00438.x

Kretschmer, M., & Storm, L. (2018). The relationships of the five existential concerns with depression and existential thinking. Int J Existent Psychol Psychother, 7(1), 1-20. https://www.meaning.ca/web/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/216-13-513-4-10-20180704.pdf

Kugbey, N., Oppong Asante, K., & Meyer-Weitz, A. (2018). Doctor–patient relationship mediates the effects of shared decision making on health-related quality of life among women living with breast cancer. South African Journal of Psychology, 49(3), 364-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0081246318801159

Kugbey, N., Oppong Asante, K., & Meyer-Weitz, A. (2019). Depression, anxiety and quality of life among women living with breast cancer in Ghana: Mediating roles of social support and religiosity. Supportive Care in Cancer, 28(6), 2581-2588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-019-05027-1

Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company. https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Stress_Appraisal_and_Coping.html?id=i-ySQQuUpr8C&redir_esc=y

May, R. (1958). The Origins and Significance of the Existential Movement in Psychology. In R. May, E. Angel, & H. F. Ellenberger (Eds.), Existence: A new dimension in psychiatry and psychology (pp. 3–36). Basic Books/Hachette Book Group. https://doi.org/10.1037/11321-001

May, R. (1983). The discovery of being. New York: W. W. W Norton & Co. https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393350869

Mayers, A. M., & Svartberg, M. (2001). Existential loneliness: A review of the concept, its psychosocial precipitants and psychotherapeutic implications for HIV‐infected women. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 74(4), 539-553. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711201161082

Mayers, A. M., Khoo, S., & Svartberg, M. (2002). The existential loneliness questionnaire: Background, development, and preliminary findings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(9), 1183-1193. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10038

Mayers, A. M., Naples, N. A., & Nilsen, R. D. (2005). Existential issues and coping: A qualitative study of low-income women with HIV. Psychology & Health, 20(1), 93-113. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440410001722949

Moustakis, C. E. (1961). Loneliness. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. https://books.google.com.pk/books/about/Loneliness.html?id=Ow8PAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y

O'Connor, A. P., Wicker, C. A., & Germino, B. B. (1990). Understanding the cancer patient's search for meaning. Cancer nursing, 13(3), 167-175. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002820-199006000-00006

Reker, G. T. (2000). Theoretical perspective, dimensions, and measurement of existential meaning. Exploring Existential Meaning: Optimizing Human Development across the Life Span, 39-56. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452233703.n4

Sommers‐Flanagan, J., & Sommers‐Flanagan, R. (2018). Counseling and psychotherapy theories in context and practice. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781394258963

Spinelli, E. (2005). The interpreted world: An introduction to phenomenological psychology. Sage. Studies in Phenomenology, 3(2), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.18199/2226-5260-2014-3-2-144-158

Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80-93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80

Thoits, P. A. (1991). Gender differences in coping with emotional distress. The Social Context of Coping, 107-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3740-7_6

Von Witzleben, H. D. (1958). On loneliness. Psychiatry, 21(1), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1958.11023112

Weems, C. F., Costa, N. M., Dehon, C., & Berman, S. L. (2004). Paul tillich's theory of existential anxiety: A preliminary conceptual and empirical examination. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 17(4), 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615800412331318616

Weisman, A. D., & Worden, J. W. (1977). The existential plight in cancer: Significance of the first 100 days. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2190/uq2g-ugv1-3ppc-6387

Wu, J., Zhang, M., & Liu, D. (2016). Acalabrutinib (ACP-196): A selective second-generation BTK inhibitor. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 9(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-016-0250-9

Yalom, I. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy Basic Books. In New York: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal, 2(4), 40-44. https://doi.org/10.1525/jung.1.1981.2.4.40

Yang, W., Staps, T., & Hijmans, E. (2010). Existential crisis and the awareness of dying: The role of meaning and spirituality. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 61(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.2190/om.61.1.c

Zafirides, P., Markman, K. D., Proulx, T., & Lindberg, M. J. (2013). Psychotherapy and the restoration of meaning: Existential philosophy in clinical practice. The psychology of meaning, 465-477. https://doi.org/10.1037/14040-023

Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2

Zyga, S., Alikari, V., Sachlas, A., Fradelos, E. C., Stathoulis, J., Panoutsopoulos, G., ... & Lavdaniti, M. (2015). Assessment of fatigue in end stage renal disease patients undergoing hemodialysis: prevalence and associated factors. Medical Archives, 69(6), 376. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2015.69.376-380

Published

2024-06-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Kanwal, F., Majeed, A., Younis, H., & Aslam, A. (2024). Existential Issues and Coping: A Qualitative Study of Breast Cancer Women. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(2), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.537119380

Similar Articles

1-10 of 207

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.