Mediating Effect of Organizational Virtuousness in Ethical Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behavior Relationship: A Study of Higher Education Sector in Pakistan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.566098339Keywords:
Ethical Leadership, Organizational Virtuousness, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Higher EducationAbstract
With increased commercial crimes, work ethic, and ethical leadership have gained popularity among management researchers, focusing on the creation of an ethical climate and transferring managers from moral persons to moral managers who have the ability to shape the pro-social behavior of followers. The current study investigated the moderating role of organizational virtuousness in ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior relationship of faculty members of universities/degree awarding institutes in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional design, 385 randomly selected faculty members of universities completed a self-administered survey questionnaire. The findings of the study support our assumptions that ethical leadership creates a virtuous organizational culture and fosters organizational citizenship behavior. Further, the mediating role of organizational virtuousness in fostering organizational citizenship behavior due to ethical leadership was also proved in the higher education sector in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. We have also discussed the implications of the study as well as the directions for further research.
References
Abdallah, A., & Al-Maqableh, Y. (2017). Antecedents Of Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB): A Critical Review And Suggestion For Future Research In Jordanian Telecommunication Sector. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 5(11), 465-473. https://ijecm.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/51127.pdf
Abdullah, M. I., Dechun, H., Ali, M., & Usman, M. (2019). Ethical leadership and knowledge hiding: A moderated mediation model of relational social capital, and instrumental thinking. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02403
Arjoon, S., Turriago-Hoyos, A., & Thoene, U. (2018). Virtuousness and the common good as a conceptual framework for harmonizing the goals of the individual, organizations, and the economy. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(1), 143-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2969-6
Arshad, M. A., Arshad, D., & Zakaria, N. (2023). Mediating role of wellbeing among organizational virtuousness, emotional intelligence and job performance in post-pandemic COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1105895
Asad, H., Naseem, R., & Faiz, R. (2017). Mediating effect of ethical climate between organizational virtuousness and job satisfaction. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences (PJCSS), 11(1), 35–48. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/188280
Bedi, A., Alpaslan, C. M., & Green, S. (2015). A meta-analytic review of ethical leadership outcomes and moderators. Journal of Business Ethics, 139(3), 517-536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2625-1
Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and Power in Social Life. John Wiley & Sons.
Bright, D. S., Winn, B. A., & Kanov, J. (2014). Reconsidering virtue: Differences of perspective in virtue ethics and the positive social sciences. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(4), 445-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1832-x
Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(4), 583-616. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201020439
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Cameron, K. (2003). Organizational Virtuousness and Performance. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn, Positive Organizational Scholarship (pp. 48-65). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
Cameron, K. S., & Winn, B. (2012). Virtuousness in organizations. In K. S. Cameron, The Oxford handbook of positive organizational scholarship (pp. 231–244). New York: Oxford University Press.
Cameron, K. (2006). Good or not bad: Standards and ethics in managing change. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(3), 317-323. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2006.22697020
Cameron, K. S., Bright, D., & Caza, A. (2004). Exploring the relationships between organizational virtuousness and performance. American Behavioral Scientist, 47(6), 766-790. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260209
Demirtas, O., & Akdogan, A. A. (2014). The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment. Journal of Business Ethics, 130(1), 59-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2196-6
Den Hartog, D. N. (2015). Ethical leadership. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 2(1), 409-434. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032414-111237
Eissa, G., Chinchanachokchai, S., & Wyland, R. (2017). The influence of supervisor undermining on self-esteem, creativity, and overall job performance: A multiple mediation model. Organization Management Journal, 14(4), 185-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/15416518.2017.1382321
Homans, G. C. (1974). Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich.
Homans, G. C. (1958). Social behavior as exchange. American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606. https://doi.org/10.1086/222355
Huang, N., Qiu, S., Yang, S., & Deng, R. (2021). Ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: Mediation of trust and psychological well-being. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 655-664. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s311856
Kalshoven, K., Den Hartog, D. N., & De Hoogh, A. H. (2011). Ethical leadership at work questionnaire (ELW): Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 51-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.007
Katz, D. (1964). The motivational basis of organizational behavior. Behavioral Science, 9(2), 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830090206
Khan, K., Abbas, M., Gul, A., & Raja, U. (2013). Organizational justice and job outcomes: Moderating role of Islamic work ethic. Journal of Business Ethics, 126(2), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1937-2
Khoreva, V., & Wechtler, H. (2020). Exploring the consequences of knowledge hiding: An agency theory perspective. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 35(2), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-11-2018-0514
Kooshki, A., & Zeinabadi, H. (2016). The role of organizational virtuousness in organizational citizenship behavior of teachers: The test of direct and indirect effect through job satisfaction mediating. International Review, (1-2), 7-21. https://doi.org/10.5937/intrev1602007k
Ma, D., Wajid, N., Anser, M. K., Anjum, Z., & Jia, X. (2022). The effect of ethical leadership on service recovery performance: A moderated mediation model of organizational virtuousness and trait mindfulness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1036099
Magnier-Watanabe, R., Uchida, T., Orsini, P., & Benton, C. (2017). Organizational virtuousness and job performance in Japan: Does happiness matter? International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 25(4), 628-646. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-10-2016-1074
Malik, S. Z., & Naeem, R. (2016). Organizational virtuousness, perceived organizational support and organizational citizenship behavior: A mediation framework. Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 26(1), 113-129. https://www.proquest.com/openview/1a03a71c689214ca5c61e7507bf50d9a/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=136244
Mayer, D. M., Aquino, K., Greenbaum, R. L., & Kuenzi, M. (2012). Who displays ethical leadership, and why does it matter? An examination of antecedents and consequences of ethical leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 55(1), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.0276
Metwally, D., Ruiz-Palomino, P., Metwally, M., & Gartzia, L. (2019). How ethical leadership shapes employees’ readiness to change: The mediating role of an organizational culture of effectiveness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02493
Meyer, M. (2018). The evolution and challenges of the concept of organizational virtuousness in positive organizational scholarship. Journal of Business Ethics, 153(1), 245-264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3388-z
Mo, S., & Shi, J. (2017). Linking ethical leadership to employees’ organizational citizenship behavior: Testing the multilevel mediation role of organizational concern. Journal of Business Ethics, 141(1), 151-162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2734-x
Mostafa, A. M. (2018). Ethical leadership and organizational citizenship behaviours: The moderating role of organizational identification. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 27(4), 441-449. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2018.1470088
Naseem, R., Akhtar, Q., & Akram, M. (2020). Impact of organizational virtuousness on workplace spirituality with the mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Management and Research, 7(2), 75-103. https://doi.org/10.29145/jmr/72/070203
Nemr, M. A., & Liu, Y. (2021). The impact of ethical leadership on organizational citizenship behaviors: Moderating role of organizational cynicism. Cogent Business & Management, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1865860
Neubert, M. J., Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Roberts, J. A., & Chonko, L. B. (2009). The virtuous influence of ethical leadership behavior: Evidence from the Field. Journal of Business Ethics, 90(2), 157-170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0037-9
Nikandrou, I., & Tsachouridi, I. (2015). Towards a better understanding of the “buffering effects” of organizational virtuousness’ perceptions on employee outcomes. Management Decision, 53(8), 1823-1842. https://doi.org/10.1108/md-06-2015-0251
Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It's construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_2
PIRES, M. L., & NUNES, F. (2018). The mediating role of virtuousness in human resource management and job outcomes. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 58(4), 380-392. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0034-759020180404
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307
Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., & Cunha, M. P. (2010). Perceptions of organizational virtuousness and happiness as predictors of organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Business Ethics, 93(2), 215-235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0197-7
Ribeiro, N., & Rego, A. (2009). Does Perceived Organizational Virtuousness Explain Organizational Citizenship Behaviors? International Journal of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences, 1103-1110. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=3cbfab1129d4469528a0af5302774d2600a3ea76
Rokhman, W. (2010). The Effect of Islamic Work Ethics on Work Outcomes. EJBO - Electronic Journal of Business Ethics and Organization Studies, 15(1), 21-26.http://ejbo.jyu.fi
Roy, A., Newman, A., Round, H., & Bhattacharya, S. (2023). Ethical culture in organizations: A review and agenda for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 34(1), 97-138. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2022.44
Shahzad, K. (2011). Development Of A Model Of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB): A Comparative Study Of University Teachers From A Developing And A Developed Country. Islamabad: Mohammad Ali Jinnah University.
Shin, Y. (2012). CEO ethical leadership, ethical climate, climate strength, and collective organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 108(3), 299-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1091-7
Sun, H. J., & Yoon, H. H. (2022). Linking organizational virtuousness, engagement, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating role of individual and organizational factors. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 46(5), 879-904. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020963701
Treviño, L. K., Hartman, L. P., & Brown, M. (2000). Moral person and moral manager: How executives develop a reputation for ethical leadership. California Management Review, 42(4), 128-142. https://doi.org/10.2307/41166057
Tümkan, F., Dağlı, G., Altınay, F., Altınay, Z., & Sharma, R. (2021). An Evaluation of Directors’ Organizational Commitment Towards Their Transferable Leadership. Revista Argentina de Clínica Psicológica, 30(1), 1-12. https://www.revistaclinicapsicologica.com/data-cms/articles/20210215072025pmSSCI-464.pdf
Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Misati, E. (2017). Does ethical leadership enhance group learning behavior? Examining the mediating influence of group ethical conduct, justice climate, and peer justice. Journal of Business Research, 72, 14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.11.013
Zeng, J., & Xu, G. (2019). Ethical leadership and young University teachers’ work engagement: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010021
Zhao, H., & Xia, Q. (2018). Nurses’ negative affective states, moral disengagement, and knowledge hiding: The moderating role of ethical leadership. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(2), 357-370. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12675
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
