Examining the Impact of Job Demands, Resources and Technostress on Psychological Wellbeing of Gig Workers: A Theoretical Model

Authors

  • Nain Tara Lecturer, Institute of Business Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
  • Syed Muhammad Javed Iqbal Associate Professor, Institute of Business Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.750203843

Keywords:

Gig Work, Job Demands, Job Resources, Psychological Well-being, Technostress, Job Insecurity, Job Autonomy

Abstract

The purpose of writing this paper is to give an integrated framework in the form of a theoretical model to understand the influence of gig work-related job characteristics on the psychological well-being of gig workers. A synthesis of existing literature in the form of research papers, conference proceedings, reports on gig index etc., is used to identify critical job characteristics, e.g., precarity (job insecurity) and flexibility (job autonomy) and stress related to extensive use of technology (technostress) which have implications for the wellbeing of gig workers. By drawing on the job demands and resources theory and technostress model, this study proposed a theoretical model. The result of this article can be used to guide ongoing research in the context of the gig economy to investigate the job characteristics and stressors relevant to gig workers affecting psychological well-being workers. The research paper tried to expand the understanding of JDR theory in the context of gig works regarding how job demand and job resources via technology-related stress mechanisms affect psychological well-being.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Nain Tara, Lecturer, Institute of Business Management & Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

References

Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Wilkins-Yel, K. G. (2021). Precarious work in the 21st century: A psychological perspective. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103491

Anwar, M. A., & Graham, M. (2020). Between a rock and a hard place: Freedom, flexibility, precarity and vulnerability in the gig economy in Africa. Competition & Change, 25(2), 102452942091447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1024529420914473

Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831-358. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409963

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2007). The job demands‐resources model: State of the art. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710733115

Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22(3), 273-285. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000056

Bradburn, N. M. (1969). The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. Oxford: Aldine.

Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2011). Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy. Brynjolfsson and McAfee.

De Witte, H. (2005). Job insecurity: Review of the international literature on definitions, prevalence, antecedents and consequences. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 31(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v31i4.200

Demerouti, E. (2020). Turn Digitalization and Automation to a Job Resource. Applied Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12270

Demerouti, E., & Bakker, A. B. (2023). Job demands-resources theory in times of crises: New propositions. Organizational Psychology Review, 13(3), 209-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/20413866221135022

Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2001). The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 499-512. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.499

Díaz, D., Rodríguez-Carvajal, R., Blanco, A., Moreno-Jiménez, B., Gallardo, I., Valle, C., & van Dierendonck, D. (2006). Adaptación española de las escalas de bienestar psicológico de Ryff [Spanish adaptation of the Psychological Well-Being Scales (PWBS)]. Psicothema, 18(3), 572–577.

Diener, E. (2009). Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (Vol. 39). Springer Science & Business Media.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13

Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2019). App-Work, Algorithmic Management & HRM in the Emerging Gig Economy: A Research Agenda. Paper presented at the Academy of Management Proceedings.

Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2019). Algorithmic management and app‐work in the gig economy: A research agenda for employment relations and HRM. Human Resource Management Journal, 30(1), 114-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/1748-8583.12258

Fleming, P. (2017). The human capital hoax: Work, debt and insecurity in the era of Uberization. Organization Studies, 38(5), 691-709. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840616686129

Freni-Sterrantino, A., & Salerno, V. (2021). A plea for the need to investigate the health effects of gig-economy. Frontiers in Public Health, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.638767

Glavin, P., & Schieman, S. (2022). Dependency and hardship in the gig economy: The mental health consequences of platform work. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 8, 237802312210824. https://doi.org/10.1177/23780231221082414

Graham, M., & Anwar, M. A. (2019). The global gig economy. The Digital Transformation of Labor, 213-234. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429317866-13

Group, W. B. (2016). World development report 2016: digital dividends. World Bank Publications.

Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1975). Development of the job diagnostic survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076546

Harris, K. J., Harris, R. B., Valle, M., Carlson, J., Carlson, D. S., Zivnuska, S., & Wiley, B. (2021). Technostress and the entitled employee: Impacts on work and family. Information Technology & People, 35(3), 1073-1095. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-07-2019-0348

Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 179-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398311

Hyman, L. (2018). Temp : the real story of what happened to your salary, benefits, and job security. Penguin Books.

Imhof, S., & Andresen, M. (2017). Unhappy with well-being research in the temporary work context: mapping review and research agenda. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 29(1), 127–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1384395

Javed, A. (2020). The Scope of Information and Communication Technology Enabled Services in Promoting Pakistan Economy. Asian Journal of Economics, Finance and Management, 2(1), 165–173. https://globalpresshub.com/index.php/AJEFM/article/view/860

Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.

Kalleberg, A. L. (2009). Precarious work, insecure workers: Employment relations in transition. American Sociological Review, 74(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400101

Karasek, R. (1990). Lower health risk with increased job control among white collar workers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 11(3), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030110302

Karasek, R. A. (1979). Job demands, job decision latitude, and mental strain: Implications for job redesign. Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), 285-308. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392498

Keith, M. G., Harms, P. D., & Long, A. C. (2020). Worker Health and Well-Being in the Gig Economy: A Proposed Framework and Research Agenda. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-355520200000018002

Keith, M. G., Harms, P., & Tay, L. (2019). Mechanical Turk and the gig economy: exploring differences between gig workers. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(4), 286–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/jmp-06-2018-0228

Kuhn, K. M., & Maleki, A. (2017). Micro-entrepreneurs, dependent contractors, and Instaserfs: Understanding online labor platform workforces. Academy of Management Perspectives, 31(3), 183-200. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2015.0111

Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041

Malik, F., Heeks, R., Masiero, S., & Nicholson, B. (2020). Digital labour platforms in Pakistan: Institutional voids and solidarity networks. Information Technology & People, 34(7), 1819-1839. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-04-2020-0218

Manyika, J., Lund, S., Bughin, J., Robinson, K., Mischke, J., & Mahajan, D. (2016). Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy. McKinsey & Company. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/employment-and-growth/independent-work-choice-necessity-and-the-gig-economy

Michaelson, J., Abdallah, S., Steuer, N., Thompson, S., Marks, N., Aked, J., . . . Potts, R. (2009). National accounts of well-being: Bringing real wealth onto the balance sheet. New Economics Foundation. http://www.nationalaccountsofwellbeing.org/learn/download-report.html

Özkoç, A. G. (2016). Job autonomy and work alienation: organizational and occupational identification as a mediator. European Journal of Business and Management, 8(11), 61-73. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aziz-Oezkoc/publication/301701332_Job_Autonomy_and_Work_Alienation_Organizational_and_Occupational_Identification_as_a_Mediator/links/5723cc0f08aef9c00b811cf0/Job-Autonomy-and-Work-Alienation-Organizational-and-Occupational-Identification-as-a-Mediator.pdf

Pacheco, T., Coulombe, S., Khalil, C., Meunier, S., Doucerain, M., Auger, É., & Cox, E. (2020). Job security and the promotion of workers’ wellbeing in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic: A study with Canadian workers one to two weeks after the initiation of social distancing measures. International Journal of Wellbeing, 10(3), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v10i3.1321

Parry, E., & Battista, V. (2019). The impact of emerging technologies on work: a review of the evidence and implications for the human resource function. Emerald Open Research, 1(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.12688/emeraldopenres.12907.1

Pearson, L. C., & Hall, B. W. (1993). Initial construct validation of the teaching autonomy scale. The Journal of Educational Research, 86(3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1993.9941155

Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The Consequences of Technostress for End Users in Organizations: Conceptual Development and Empirical Validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165

Rogers Carl, R. (1961). On Becoming A Person: A Therapist’s View of Psychotherapy. US: Houghton Mifflin.

Ryff, C. D. (1989a). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069

Ryff, C. D. (1989b). In the eye of the beholder: Views of psychological well-being among middle-aged and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 4(2), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.4.2.195

Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719-727. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719

Shevchuk, A., Strebkov, D., & Davis, S. N. (2018). The Autonomy Paradox: How Night Work Undermines Subjective Well-Being of Internet-Based Freelancers. ILR Review, 72(1), 75–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793918767114

Shoss, M. K. (2017). Job insecurity: An integrative review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 43(6), 1911-1939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317691574

Srivastava, S. C., Chandra, S., & Shirish, A. (2015). Technostress creators and job outcomes: Theorising the moderating influence of personality traits. Information Systems Journal, 25(4), 355-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12067

Steel, P., Schmidt, J., Bosco, F., & Uggerslev, K. (2018). The effects of personality on job satisfaction and life satisfaction: A meta-analytic investigation accounting for bandwidth–fidelity and commensurability. Human Relations, 72(2), 217-247. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726718771465

Suh, A., & Lee, J. (2017). Understanding teleworkers’ technostress and its influence on job satisfaction. Internet Research, 27(1), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-06-2015-0181

Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of Technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328. https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222240109

Taser, D., Aydin, E., Torgaloz, A. O., & Rofcanin, Y. (2022). An examination of remote E-working and flow experience: The role of technostress and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107020

Umair, A., Conboy, K., & Whelan, E. (2019). Understanding the Influence of Technostress on Workers’job Satisfaction in Gig-Economy: An Exploratory Investigation. Twenty-Seventh European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS2019), Stockholm-Uppsala, Sweden. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/301379352.pdf

Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678-691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678

Watson, G. P., Kistler, L. D., Graham, B. A., & Sinclair, R. R. (2021). Looking at the Gig Picture: Defining Gig Work and Explaining Profile Differences in Gig Workers’ Job Demands and Resources. Group & Organization Management, 46(2), 105960112199654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601121996548

Wood, A. J. (2019). The Taylor Review: understanding the gig economy, dependency and the complexities of control. New Technology, Work and Employment, 34(2), 111–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12131

World Economic Forum, J. (2020). The future of jobs report 2020. Geneva.

Wu, J., & Zhou, J. (2020). How the configurations of job autonomy, work–family interference, and demographics boost job satisfaction: An empirical study using fsQCA. Asian Business & Management, 21(4), 547-568. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291-020-00138-8

Zaman, U., Nawaz, S., Javed, A., & Rasul, T. (2020). Having a whale of a time: Linking self-determination theory (SDT), job characteristics model (JCM) and motivation to the joy of gig work. Cogent Business & Management, 7(1), 1807707. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1807707

Zheng, X., Zhu, W., Zhao, H., & Zhang, C. (2015). Employee well-being in organizations: Theoretical model, scale development, and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(5), 621–644. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1990

Downloads

Published

2023-12-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Tara, N., & Iqbal, S. M. J. (2023). Examining the Impact of Job Demands, Resources and Technostress on Psychological Wellbeing of Gig Workers: A Theoretical Model. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences, 4(4), 369-378. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.750203843

Similar Articles

1-10 of 41

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.