Assessing the Influence of Economic Growth, Inflation, Debt, Interest Rate, and Exchange Rate on Trade in Pakistan

Authors

  • Khawaja Asif Mehmood Assistant Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Jahanzaib PhD Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Muhammad Zahir Faridi Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Javaid Hussain PhD Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
  • Memona Sehr PhD Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.539397471

Keywords:

Trade, Economic Growth, Exchange Rate, Inflation, Export, ARDL, Pakistan

Abstract

This study is carried out to examine the influence of economic growth, inflation, debt, interest rate and exchange rates on trade dynamics in Pakistan. The regression analysis of the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is based on the data from 1998 to 2022. The findings confirm the mixed affectations on trade. Except for GDP and EXR, the rest of the variables possess a negative association with trade. The implications drawn from these results underscore the importance for policymakers and government officials to prioritize measures aimed at maintaining a stable exchange rate regime in Pakistan as well as GDP to foster trade while also focusing on strategies to mitigate inflationary pressures, maintain progressive interest rate, and decrease in the public debt.

Author Biography

  • Muhammad Zahir Faridi, Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.

References

Aggarwal, V., & Nidhi Karwasra. (2023). A bibliometric analysis on trade openness and economic growth: current dynamics and future direction. Competitiveness Review, 34(2), 446–467. https://doi.org/10.1108/cr-11-2022-0177

Ahmad, I., Farooq, A., & Khattak, I. (2024). To analyze the role of CPEC in fostering economic growth in Pakistan: Case study of Pakistan. Technical Journal, 2(3), 478-490. https://tj.uettaxila.edu.pk/index.php/technical-journal/article/view/1979

Ahmed, S., & Malik, S. (2019). Trade openness and economic growth in Pakistan: A sectoral analysis. Global Business Review, 20(4), 858-877.

Ahmed, S., & Shaikh, S. A. (2024). Economic Growth Determinants in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis Using ARDL Model. Quantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(1), 162–175. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.682525285

Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Usman, A., & Ullah, S. (2020). Asymmetric Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Commodity Trade Between Pakistan and China. Global Business Review, 24(3), 510–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920916287

Baloch, A., Shahzad, K., Ahmed, W., & Tariq, I. (2024). Dynamics of foreign debts, foreign direct investment, trade openness, debt servicing, and inflation; impact on Pakistan's economic growth. Remittances Review, 9(2), 1906-1921. https://doi.org/10.33282/rr.vx9i2.103

Barro, R. J., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic growth. MIT press.

Bhatti, M. K., Khan, M. A., Hassan, A., & Husnain, M. A. (2023). The Effect of Trade Liberalization on the Economy of Pakistan: A Time Series Data Analysis. Journal of Contemporary Macroeconomic Issues, 4(2), 137–145. https://ojs.scekr.org/index.php/jcmi/article/view/125

Binos, M. A. J., Vigonte, F. G., & Abante, M. V. (2023). International trade: Impact in economic growth. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4461422

Blanchard, O., & Fischer, S. (1989). Lectures on macroeconomics. MIT Press.

Chen, C., Haupert, S. R., Zimmermann, L., Shi, X., Fritsche, L. G., & Mukherjee, B. (2022). Global Prevalence of Post COVID-19 Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 226(9), 1593–1607. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiac136

Din, M. U., Saeed, K., Khattak, S. W., Fatima, A., Imtiaz, S., & Ullah, S. (2020). Macroeconomic Determinants of Foreign Indebtedness: Evidence from Pakistan. Indian Journal of Economics and Business, 19(2), 117-130. https://www.ashwinanokha.com/resources/v19-2-10-Samiullah%20Farooq-December%202020.pdf

Domar, E. D. (1946). Capital Expansion, Rate of Growth, and Employment. Econometrica, 14(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1905364

Dynan, K., & Sheiner, L. (2018). GDP as a measure of economic well-being (Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1-52). Hutchins Center Working Paper.

Frankel, J., & Rose, A. K. (1996). Exchange rate crises in emerging markets. Journal of International Economics, 41(3), 351-368.

Golo, M. A., Han, D., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Radulescu, M. (2024). Financial health and economic growth responsiveness as solution to environmental degradation in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 31(21), 31524–31545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33176-2

Gul, M., Hashim, S., & Hayat, A. (2023). The Impact of Macroeconomic Indicators on Bitcoin: A Case Study on Pakistan. Journal of Social Research Development, 4(2), 400–409. https://doi.org/10.53664/JSRD/04-02-2023-14-400-409

Harrod, R. F. (1939). An Essay in Dynamic Theory. The Economic Journal, 49(193), 14–33. https://doi.org/10.2307/2225181

Hossain, M. A., Islam, M. N., Fatima, S., Kibria, M. G., Ullah, E., & Hossain, M. E. (2024). Pathway toward sustainable blue economy: Consideration of greenhouse gas emissions, trade, and economic growth in 25 nations bordering the Indian ocean. Journal of Cleaner Production, 437, 140708–140708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140708

Irshad, M. (2022). Macroeconomic Variables the Indicators for the Economic Growth of Pakistan. Pakistan Social Sciences Review, 6(II), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-ii)06

Kumari, R., Shabbir, M. S., Saleem, S., Yahya Khan, G., Abbasi, B. A., & Lopez, L. B. (2021). An empirical analysis among foreign direct investment, trade openness and economic growth: evidence from the Indian economy. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 12(1), 127–149. https://doi.org/10.1108/sajbs-06-2020-0199

Lee, J., & Yue, C. (2017). Impacts of the US dollar (USD) exchange rate on economic growth and the environment in the United States. Energy Economics, 64, 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.03.006

Luqman, M., & Soytas, U. (2023). Asymmetric role of human capital and trade liberalization in the economic growth of Pakistan: Fresh evidence from the nonlinear analysis. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 32(3), 475-493. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2022.2105386

Malik, K. (2015). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth of Pakistan. American Journal of Business and Management, 4(4), 190–202. https://doi.org/10.11634/216796061504624

Maqsood, N. ., Shahid, T. A. ., Amir, H. ., & Bilal, K. . (2023). Symmetric impact of Trade, exchange rate, and inflation rate on Stock Market in Pakistan: New evidence from Macroeconomic variables. Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), 12(3), 903-911. https://doi.org/10.61506/01.00292

Mehmood, K. A., Riaz, F., Munir, F., Ilyas, S., & Aurmaghan, M. (2024). Scrutinizing Public-Private Sector Investment Spending and Budgetary Deficit in the Health Sector of Pakistan: A Time Series Approach. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences, 5(1), 330–343. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.673117356

Michael, O. B. A., Salako, G., & Temilade, A. (2015). Falling Oil Price, Exchange Rate Volatility and Marco-economic Variables in Nigeria. Journal of Investment and Management, 4(1), 25–33. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jim.20150401.14

Mumtaz, S., & Ali, M. (2022). Impact of exchange rate and its volatility on domestic consumption in India and Pakistan. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(2), e2479. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2479

Murtaza, M., Ayyoub, M., Riaz, A., & Ahmed, R. (2023). Examining Linkages between Poverty Alleviation and Macroeconomic Performance in Pakistan. Journal of Policy Research (JPR), 9(2), 665-678.

Nabi, A. A., Tunio, F. H., Azhar, M., Syed, M. S., & Ullah, Z. (2023). Impact of information and communication technology, financial development, and trade on economic growth: Empirical analysis on N11 countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(3), 3203-3220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00890-6

Raihan, A., Tanchangya, T., Rahman, J., & Ridwan, M. (2024). The Influence of Agriculture, Renewable Energy, International Trade, and Economic Growth on India’s Environmental Sustainability. Journal of Environmental and Energy Economics, 3(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.56946/jeee.v3i1.324

Rashid, A., Jehan, Z., & Kanval, N. (2023). External Shocks, Stock Market Volatility, and Macroeconomic Performance: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development, 44(2), 131-157.

Rehman, A., M, H., Khan, S. U., Murshed, M., Khan, M. K., Ahmad, F., & Chishti, M. Z. (2023). Do exports of communication technology, food, manufacturing, and foreign investments foster economic growth in Pakistan? An exploration from asymmetric technique. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(4), 4238-4255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-01052-4

Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71-102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725

Saleem, A., Sial, M. H., & Cheema, A. R. (2023). Does an asymmetric nexus exist between exports and economic growth in Pakistan? Recent evidence from a nonlinear ARDL approach. Economic Change and Restructuring, 56(1), 297-326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-022-09426-z

Sermcheep, S. (2019). Services export and economic growth in ASEAN countries. Journal of Asian Economic Integration, 1(2), 163-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/2631684619883443

Shaban, O. S., Al-Attar, M., & Ali, N. N. (2019). The relationship between effective interest rates and the consumer price index CPI as an inflation measure: evidence from Jordan. Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions, 9(2), 65–71. https://doi.org/10.22495/rgcv9i2p6

Shah, A. Q. (2015). Trade balance of Pakistan and its determinants. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 7(4), 99-129.

Siddique, A., & Selvanathan, E. A. (2016). Export-led growth hypothesis in Pakistan: Further evidence. Economic Modelling, 59(2016), 468-483. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16043/1/MPRA_paper_16043.pdf

Taylor, A. M., & Taylor, M. P. (2004). The purchasing power parity debate. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(4), 135-158. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042632744

Ullah, S., Ozturk, I., Majeed, M. T., & Ahmad, W. (2021). Do technological innovations have symmetric or asymmetric effects on environmental quality? Evidence from Pakistan. Journal of Cleaner Production, 316, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128239

Usman, M., Kousar, R., Makhdum, M. S. A., Yaseen, M. R., & Nadeem, A. M. (2022). Do financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness contribute to increase carbon emission in Pakistan? An insight based on ARDL bound testing approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(1), 444–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z

Zahra, A., Nasir, N., Rahman, S. U., & Idress, S. (2023). Impact of Exchange Rate, and Foreign Direct Investment on External Debt: Evidence from Pakistan Using ARDL Cointegration Approach. IRASD Journal of Economics, 5(1), 709–719. https://doi.org/10.52131/joe.2023.0501.0110

Published

2024-06-30

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Mehmood, K. A., Jahanzaib, Faridi, M. Z., Hussain, J., & Sehr, M. (2024). Assessing the Influence of Economic Growth, Inflation, Debt, Interest Rate, and Exchange Rate on Trade in Pakistan. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 5(2), 331-340. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.539397471

Similar Articles

81-90 of 208

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.