Spatial Disparities in Human Development Index across the Districts of Pakistan: An ESDA Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.188733762Keywords:
Spatial Disparities, PCA, Human Development, ESDA, Dualistic StructureAbstract
Pakistan is spatially a diverse state in terms of the location of its economic activities, and regional disparities in human development level have been a vital concern in its history. The article aims to analyze the distribution of the development index across 97 districts of Pakistan through exploratory spatial data analysis for periods 2004-05 and 2014-15. For this purpose, an augmented development index is constructed for measuring development levels across districts. The index consists of three sub-indexes of education, health, and household welfare level, with each index further consisting of five indicators. The findings of the study indicate positive global autocorrelation, thus indicating that a district with a high (low) is linked spatially with bordering districts that also have a high (low) Development level. The results also display the HH quadrant in the scatterplot of the development Index, which includes most districts of Punjab and KP, while LL illustrates a cluster of most districts from Interior Sindh and Balochistan for both the 2004-05 and 2014-15 periods. Overall, the findings demonstrate the twofold structure of Pakistan’s economic geography, as explained by most of the previous studies. Since the geography of development matters, it is recommended to reduce inequalities across districts by developing the social and economic institutions and infrastructure in Balochistan and Interior Sindh.
References
Ahmad, M. (2002). Income inequality among various occupations/Professions inpakistan-estimates based on household income per capita. THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 7(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2002.v7.i1.a5
Ahmed, R., Mahmood, K., & Kausar, A. (2014). Socio-agricultural correlation and regionalization: A case of the districts of Pakistan. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 10, 7-19. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2014.10.02
Ahmed, S. (2011). Essays on Spatial Inequalities in Income and Education: Econometric Evidence from Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, University of Trento).
Ahmed, S. (2011). Does economic geography matter for Pakistan? A spatial exploratory analysis of income and education inequalities. The Pakistan Development Review, 50(4II), 929-953. https://doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.929-953
Akhtar, S. (2008). Trends in regional inequalities in Pakistan:Evidence since 1998. THE LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, 13(Special Edition), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.35536/lje.2008.v13.isp.a12
Andrés, L., Biller, D., & Herrera Dappe, M. (2013). Reducing poverty by closing South Asia's infrastructure gap. World Bank.
Anselin, L. (1999). The future of spatial analysis in the social sciences. Annals of GIS, 5(2), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10824009909480516
Barrios, S., & Strobl, E. (2009). The dynamics of regional inequalities. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 39(5), 575-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2009.03.008
Brata, A. G. (2009). Do geographic factors determine local economic development?. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, 4(3), 170-189. https://addletonacademicpublishers.com/contents-emfm/140-volume-4-3-2009/1712-do-geographic-factors-determine-local-economic-development
Burki, A. A., & Khan, M. A. (2010). Spatial inequality and geographic concentration of manufacturing industries in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 49(4).
Burki, A. A., Memon, R., & Mir, K. (2015). Multiple inequalities and policies to mitigate inequality traps in Pakistan. Oxfam International.
Campbell, M. H. (2011). Exploring the social and spatial inequalities of ill-health in Scotland: A spatial micro simulation approach (Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield).
Celebioglu, F., & Dall’erba, S. (2009). Spatial disparities across the regions of Turkey: An exploratory spatial data analysis. The Annals of Regional Science, 45(2), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-009-0313-8
Chaudhary, M. A. (1990). ECONOMIC GROWTH AND REGIONAL DISPARITY IN PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN PAKISTAN. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 28(2), 105–120. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25825050
Cracolici, M. F., Cuffaro, M., & Nijkamp, P. (2008). A spatial analysis on Italian unemployment differences. Statistical Methods and Applications, 18(2), 275-291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10260-007-0087-z
Ezcurra, R., & Palacios, D. (2016). Terrorism and spatial disparities: Does interregional inequality matter? European Journal of Political Economy, 42, 60-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.01.004
Fan, C. C., & Sun, M. (2008). Regional inequality in China, 1978-2006. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 49(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.2747/1539-7216.49.1.1
Fitriani, R., Pusdiktasari, Z. F., & Diartho, H. C. (2020). The dynamic of 2011 – 2016 East Java’s regional spatial growth, an exploratory spatial data analysis. Journal of Economics and Business, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.31014/aior.1992.03.02.252
Gul, E., & Chaudhry, I. S. (2015). Spatial distribution of socio-economic inequality: Evidence from inequality maps of a village in tribal region of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 54(4I-II), 793-808. https://doi.org/10.30541/v54i4i-iipp.793-808
HAQ, M., ISLAM, N., SOBHAN, R., REHMAN, M. A., RABBANI, A. K. M. G., & REHMAN, A. (1976). Growth and Causes of Regional Disparity in Pakistan. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 14(1/4), 265–290. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25821362
Haq, R. (2005). An analysis of poverty at the local level. The Pakistan Development Review, 44(4II), 1093-1109. https://doi.org/10.30541/v44i4iipp.1093-1109
Hosseinpoor, A. R., Mohammad, K., Majdzadeh, R., Naghavi, M., Abolhassani, F., Sousa, A., & Vega, J. (2005). Socioeconomic inequality in infant mortality in Iran and across its provinces. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83, 837-844.
Iqbal, N., & Nawaz, S. (2017). Spatial differences and socioeconomic determinants of health poverty. The Pakistan Development Review, 56(3), 221-248. https://doi.org/10.30541/v56i3pp.221-248
Jamal, H. (2016). Spatial disparities in socioeconomic development: the case of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 55(4), 421-435. https://doi.org/10.30541/v55i4i-iipp.421-435
Jamal, H., & Khan, A. J. (2003). The Changing Profile of Regional Inequality. The Pakistan Development Review, 42(2), 113–123. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41260530
Kanbur, S. R., Venables, A., & Wan, G. H. (Eds.). (2006). Spatial disparities in human development: Perspectives from Asia. United Nations Univ.
Khan, S., Khan, S. A., & Tariq, M. (2016). The analysis of income inequality and economic growth relationship: Evidence from Pakistan’s data. Global Economics Review, I(I), 24-35. https://doi.org/10.31703/ger.2016(i-i).03
Kim, S. (2008). Spatial inequality and economic development: Theories, facts, and policies. Urbanization and growth, 133-166.
Lall, S. V., & Chakravorty, S. (2005). Industrial location and spatial inequality: Theory and evidence from India. Review of Development Economics, 9(1), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00263.x
Lessmann, C. (2014). Spatial inequality and development—is there an inverted-U relationship?. Journal of development economics, 106, 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.08.011
Lessmann, C. (2016). Regional inequality and internal conflict. German Economic Review, 17(2), 157-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/geer.12073
Lobao, L., & Hooks, G. (2003). Public employment, welfare transfers, and economic well-being across local populations: Does a lean and mean government benefit the masses? Social Forces, 82(2), 519-556. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2004.0016
McCarty, H. H. (1954). An approach to a theory of economic geography. Economic Geography, 30(2), 95. https://doi.org/10.2307/142097
Milanovic, B., Lindert, P. H., & Williamson, J. G. (2007). Measuring ancient inequality. The World Bank.
Naschold, F. (2009). Microeconomic determinants of income inequality in rural Pakistan. The Journal of Development Studies, 45(5), 746-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380902753193
Nawaz, S., & Iqbal, N. (2016). Education poverty in Pakistan: A spatial analysis at district level. Indian Journal of Human Development, 10(2), 270-287. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703016674081
Nilsson, H. (2020). Spatial organization of retail activities (Doctoral dissertation, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School).
Novotný, J. (2007). On the measurement of regional inequality: Does spatial dimension of income inequality matter? The Annals of Regional Science, 41(3), 563-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-007-0113-y
Oduro, C. Y., Peprah, C., & Adamtey, R. (2014). Analysis of the Determinants of Spatial Inequality in Ghana Using Two-Stage Least-Square Regression. Developing Country Studies, 4(20), 28-44. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234681973.pdf
Ragoubi, H., & El Harbi, S. (2017). Entrepreneurship and income inequality: A spatial panel data analysis. International Review of Applied Economics, 32(3), 374-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/02692171.2017.1342776
Ram, N. (2008). Poverty alleviation and its dynamics in the agrarian structure of rural Pakistan: a case study of Sindh province (Doctoral dissertation, Shah Abdul Latif University Khairpur).
Rashid, M., & Chand, S. (2016). Spatial Analysis and Modeling of Infant Mortality Rate Using Conditional Autoregressive Model-A Case Study of Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Research, 55(3), 75. https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Spatial+Analysis+and+Modeling+of+Infant+Mortality+Rate+Using...-a0465320618
Redding, S., & Venables, A. J. (2004). Economic geography and international inequality. Journal of International Economics, 62(1), 53-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2003.07.001
Said, F., Musaddiq, T., & Mahmud, M. (2011). Macro level Determinants of Poverty: Investigation through poverty mapping of districts of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 50(4II), 895-911. https://doi.org/10.30541/v50i4iipp.895-911
Sarkar, S., & Das, S. (2018). Interrelationship Between Poverty, Growth, and Inequality in India: A Spatial Approach. In Advances in Growth Curve and Structural Equation Modeling (pp. 77-99). Springer, Singapore.
Sowunmi, F., Akinyosoye, V., Okoruwa, V., & Omonona, B. (2012). The Landscape of Poverty in Nigeria: A Spatial Analysis Using Senatorial Districts-level Data. American Journal of Economics, 2(5), 61-74. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.economics.20120205.01
Sun, W., Lin, X., Liang, Y., & Li, L. (2016). Regional inequality in underdeveloped areas: A case study of Guizhou province in China. Sustainability, 8(11), 1141. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111141
Ul-Huda, S. N., Burke, F., & Azam, M. (2015). Socio-economic disparities in Balochistan, Pakistan–A multivariate analysis. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 7(4), 38-50. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11492148.pdf
Usman, M. (2009). Socio-Economic Determinants of Poverty. A case of Pakistan (Doctoral dissertation, Master Thesis., Dept. Development and International Relations, Aalborg University, Denmark).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Noor Ahmed, Khurshed Iqbal, Naseebullah, Ameer Muhammad Kasi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
