Navigating Risk and Performance through Earnings Management: The Double-Edged Sword
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjss.513779489Keywords:
Earnings Management, GMM, Financial Risk, Financial PerformanceAbstract
This study emphasizes assessing the impact of earnings management on both the risk and performance of textile sector companies operating in Pakistan. Spanning the tenure from 2016 to 2021, the present research work uses the data of 148 companies operating in the textile sector of Pakistan and applies a two-step Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to comprehensively analyze the intricate association between earnings management, firm risk, and performance. The study's findings indicated a significant influence of earnings management on firm risk, suggesting that the manipulation of financial outcomes directly correlates with increased risk within these textile sector firms. The research established a noteworthy relationship between the company’s performance, management practices, and earnings. In essence, the present research contributed towards valuable cognizance of the dynamics of earnings management of the Pakistan textile sector. The study emphasized the significance of establishing ethical financial reporting practices for long-term sustainability and stakeholder confidence in the businesses.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, M., Ahmed, Z., Gavurova, B., & Oláh, J. (2022). Financial risk, renewable energy technology budgets, and environmental sustainability: Is going green possible? Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.909190
Al-Absy, M. S. M., Department of Accounting and Finance, College of Administrative and Financial Sciences, Gulf University, Ismail, K. N. I. K., Chandren, S., & Al-Dubai, S. A. A. (2020). Involvement of board chairmen in audit committees and earnings management: Evidence from Malaysia. Journal of Asian Finance Economics and Business, 7(8), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no8.233
Ali, U., Noor, M., Khurshid, M. K., & Mahmood, A. (2015). Impact of firm size on earnings management: A study of textile sector of Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2698317
Alves, S. (2023). Gender diversity on corporate boards and earnings management: Evidence for European Union listed firms. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2193138
Andrade, G., & Kaplan, S. N. (1998). How costly is financial (not economic) distress? Evidence from highly leveraged transactions that became distressed. The Journal of Finance, 53(5), 1443–1493. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00062
Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-d
Arya, A., Glover, J. C., & Sunder, S. (2003). Are unmanaged earnings always better for shareholders? Accounting Horizons, 17(s-1), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2003.17.s-1.111
Aslamiah, S., Karyatun, S., & Digdowiseiso, K. (2023). The Influence of Return on Assets, Current Ratio and Debt to Asset Ratio on Financial Distress in Consumption Goods Industry Sector Companies Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2017- 2021. Jurnal Syntax Admiration, 4(4), 583–596.
Bui, H. T., & Le, H. H. (2021). Factors affecting the earnings management: The case of listed firms in Vietnam. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.211119.025
Bergstresser, D., & Philippon, T. (2006). CEO incentives and earnings management. Journal of Financial Economics, 80(3), 511-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2004.10.011
Brigham, E. F., & Houston, J. F. (2015). Fundamentals of Financial Management, concise. South-Western.
Buallay, A., & Hamdan, A. (2019). The relationship between corporate governance and intellectual capital. International Journal of Law and Management, 61(2), 384-401. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-02-2018-0033
Black, E. L., Sellers, K. F., & Manly, T. S. (1998). Earnings management using asset sales: An international study of countries allowing Noncurrent asset revaluation. Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, 25(9-10), 1287-1317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5957.00238
Black, E. L., Christensen, T. E., Taylor Joo, T., & Schmardebeck, R. (2017). The relation between earnings management and non-GAAP reporting. Contemporary Accounting Research, 34(2), 750–782. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12284
Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00009-8
Caner, M., & Hansen, B. E. (2004). Instrumental variable estimation of a threshold model. Econometric Theory, 20(05). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0266466604205011
Charoenwong, C., & Jiraporn, P. (2009). Earnings management to exceed thresholds: Evidence from Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 19(3), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2008.12.001
Cohen, D. A., & Zarowin, P. (2010). Accrual-based and real earnings management activities around seasoned equity offerings. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 2–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.01.002
Czajor, P., Michalak, J., & Waniak-Michalak, H. (2014). Influence of economy growth on earnings quality of listed companies in Poland. Socialiniai Mokslai, 82(4). https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ss.82.4.6602
Dawn. (2022). SCEP fines 22 companies up to Rs 5bn for fraud. [Online] https://www.dawn.com/news/1690876.
Dechow, P. M., & Sloan, R. G. (1991). Executive incentives and the horizon problem. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 14(1), 51-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-7187(91)90058-s
Dechow, P. M., Sloan, R. G., & Sweeney, A. P. (1995). Detecting earnings management. Accounting review, 193-225.
Dechow, P., Ge, W., & Schrand, C. (2010). Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(2–3), 344–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2010.09.001
Dechow, Patricia M., & Skinner, D. J. (2000). Earnings management: Reconciling the views of accounting academics, practitioners, and regulators. Accounting Horizons, 14(2), 235–250. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.2000.14.2.235
Dechow, P. M., Kothari, S. P., & L. Watts, R. (1998). The relation between earnings and cash flows. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 25(2), 133–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-4101(98)00020-2
Dichev, I. D., & Skinner, D. J. (2002). Large–sample evidence on the debt covenant hypothesis. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(4), 1091-1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679x.00083
El Moslemany, R., & Nathan, D. (2019). Ownership structure and Earnings Management: evidence from Egypt. International Journal of Business and Economic Development (IJBED), 7(1). https://doi.org/10.24052/ijbed/v07n01/art-02
El-Ansary, O., & Hamza, H. F. (2022). The underlying mechanisms of the relationships between corporate financial policies and firm value: flexibility and agency theory perspectives. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-08-2021-0420
Farooq, M., Al-Jabri, Q., Khan, M. T., Ali Ansari, M. A., & Tariq, R. B. (2024). The impact of corporate governance and firm-specific characteristics on dividend policy: an emerging market case. Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration, 16(3), 504–529. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjba-01-2022-0007
Fink, S. (2002). Crisis management: Planning for the inevitable. Backinprint.com.
Ghazalat, A., & AlHallaq, S. (2024). Predicting and assessing bankruptcy risk: the role of accounting conservatism and business strategies. Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting. https://doi.org/10.1108/jfra-07-2023-0388
Ghazali, A. W., Shafie, N. A., & Sanusi, Z. M. (2015). Earnings management: An analysis of opportunistic behaviour, monitoring mechanism and financial distress. Procedia Economics and Finance, 28, 190–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01100-4
Habib, S. S., Perveen, S., & Khuwaja, H. M. (2016). The role of micro health insurance in providing financial risk protection in developing countries- a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2937-9
Halabi, H., Alshehabi, A., & Zakaria, I. (2019). Informal institutions and managers’ earnings management choices: Evidence from IFRS-adopting countries. Journal of Contemporary Accounting & Economics, 15(3), 100162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcae.2019.100162
Hansen, C., & Kozbur, D. (2014). Instrumental variables estimation with many weak instruments using regularized JIVE. Journal of Econometrics, 182(2), 290–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2014.04.022
Hasan, M. M., Lobo, G. J., & Qiu, B. (2021). Organizational capital, corporate tax avoidance, and firm value. Journal of Corporate Finance, 70(102050), 102050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.102050
Healy, P. M., & Wahlen, J. M. (1999). A review of the earnings management literature and its implications for standard setting. Accounting Horizons, 13(4), 365-383. https://doi.org/10.2308/acch.1999.13.4.365
Hermeindito, H. (2022). Relationships Between Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Value, and Institutional Ownership: Evidence from Indonesia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 9(5), 365–376.
Herusetya, A., Sambuaga, E. A., & Sihombing, S. O. (2023). Business strategy typologies and the reference of earnings management practices: Evidence from Indonesian listed firms. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 2161204. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2161204
Hribar, P., & Collins, D. W. (2002). Errors in estimating accruals: Implications for empirical research. Journal of Accounting Research, 40(1), 105–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-679x.00041
Isidro, H., & Sobral, M. (2015). The effects of women on corporate boards on firm value, financial performance, and ethical and social compliance. Journal of Business Ethics, 132(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2302-9
Jones, J. J., & Wu, M. (2010). Earnings Management by Acquiring Firms in Stock for Stock Mergers. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50(1), 1-19.
Karjalainen, J., Kasanen, E., Kinnunen, J., & Niskanen, J. (2020). Dividends and tax avoidance as drivers of earnings management: Evidence from dividend-paying private SMEs in Finland. Journal of Small Business Management, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472778.2020.1824526
Kassamany, T., Ibrahim, S., & Archbold, S. (2017). Accrual and real-based earnings management by UK acquirers. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, 13(4), 492-519. https://doi.org/10.1108/jaoc-09-2015-0073
Khalid, U., Arif, S. A., & Khan, M. U. (2022). Parametric distribution’s scrutiny over the exchange rate of Bitcoin. International Journal of Management Research and Emerging Sciences, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.56536/ijmres.v12i2.220
Khan, W. A., Gillani, S. U. A., Rizwan, M., & Khizar, H. M. U. (2021). Exploring the link between earnings management and financial risk ratios: A new evidence from Pakistan and Bangladesh construction sector (cement companies). International Journal of Business and Economic Affairs, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.24088/ijbea-2021-63009
Khan, U., Khalid, U., & Farooq, F. (2021). Endogeneity quagmire empirical evidence from telecommunication industry of Pakistan. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 7(4), 955-967. https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v7i4.2002
Khan, U., Khalid, U., Zafar, A., & Zahoor, U. (2023). The behavioural finance revolution: Bridging the gap between numbers and corporate performance. Qlantic Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(4), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.882102876
Khunkaew, R. Executives’ Compensation, Managerial Power, and Earning Management: A Case Study of Thai Firm Listed in the Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET).
Le, Q. L., & Nguyen, H. A. (2023). The impact of board characteristics and ownership structure on earnings management: Evidence from a frontier market. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2159748
Lee, J. S., & Hong, C. (2017). Revisiting accrual-based earnings management in insolvent companies of the KOSPI market. Korean Accounting Journal, 26(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.24056/kaj.2016.11.002
Mamatzakis, E., Pegkas, P., & Staikouras, C. (2023). The impact of debt, taxation and financial crisis on earnings management: the case of Greece. Managerial Finance, 49(1), 110–134. https://doi.org/10.1108/mf-01-2022-0052
Meckling, W. H., & Jensen, M. C. (1976). Theory of the Firm. Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. The Economic Nature of the Firm, 283-303. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511817410.023
Mensah, E., & Boachie, C. (2023). Corporate governance mechanisms and earnings management: The moderating role of female directors. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2167290
Mohammadi, S., & Nezhad, B. M. (2015). The role of disclosure and transparency in financial reporting. International Journal of Accounting and Economics Studies, 3(1), 60. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijaes.v3i1.4549
Muktiyanto, A. (2017). The effect of corporate strategy on earnings management. International Journal of Trade and Global Markets, 10(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijtgm.2017.10002791
Myers, J. N., Myers, L. A., & Skinner, D. J. (2007). Earnings momentum and earnings management. Journal of Accounting Auditing & Finance, 22(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0148558x0702200211
Nurlis, F. I., Ariani, M., & Prihanto, H. (2020). Earnings Management: Empirical Evidence on Determinants in Indonesia. European Journal of Business and Management, 12(3), 27-32. https://doi.org/10.7176/ejbm/12-3-04
Oh, O. (2016). The effect of auditor designation system expansion on the avoidance of insolvent company. Korean Management Review, 45(1), 241. https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2016.45.1.241
Pakistan Economic Survey (2022-23). Economic Advisor’s wing Finance Division, Government of Pakistan. https://www.finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_23/Economic_Survey_2022_23.pdf
Pera, J. (2017). An enterprise’s financial stability and its sustainable growth. A risk-based perspective. Przedsiębiorczość Międzynarodowa, 3(2), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.15678/pm.2017.0302.04
Pornupatham, S. (2006). An empirical examination of earnings management, audit quality and corporate governance in Thailand: perceptions of auditors and audit committee members [Doctoral dissertation]. University of Wales, Cardiff.
Roodposhti, F. R., & Chashmi, S. N. (2011). The impact of corporate governance mechanisms on earnings management. African Journal of Business Management, 5(11), 4143-4151. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.471
Roychowdhury, S. (2006). Earnings management through real activities manipulation. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 42(3), 335–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2006.01.002
Saleh, N. M., & Ahmed, K. (2005). Earnings management of distressed firms during debt renegotiation. Accounting and Business Research, 35(1), 69–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00014788.2005.9729663
Sanusi Z. M., Isa, M. Y. M., Heang, L. T., & Iskandar, T. M. (2012). BRONZE AWARD. ARTICLES OF, 27.
Schipper, K., & Vincent, L. (2003). Earnings Quality. Accounting Horizons, 17(S1), 97-110.
Schipper, K., (1989). Commentary on earnings management. Accounting Horizons, 3(4), 91-102.
Shah, S. F., Rashid, A., & Malik, W. S. (2024). Potential substitution between accrual earnings management and real earnings management among Pakistani listed firms. Global Business Review, 25(1), 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972150920957617
Simpson, N. (2021). Earnings management. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3923660
Suryani, A., PHD, Atikah, A., PHD, & Putri, H. T., PHD. (2019). The effect of Related Party Transactions through Opportunistic Behaviour Management to Increase Firm Value. Summer, 4(2), 64–72. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.2(3)
Sweeney, J. C., Soutar, G. N., & Johnson, L. W. (1999). The role of perceived risk in the quality-value relationship: A study in a retail environment. Journal of Retailing, 75(1), 77–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-4359(99)80005-0
Taufik, M. (2024). Board Of Directors’tendencies Toward Profitability And Environmental Performance In Indonesia. CoMBInES-Conference on Management, Business, Innovation, Education and Social Sciences, 4, 773–798.
Titman, S., & Wessels, R. (1988). The determinants of capital structure choice. The Journal of Finance, 43(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/2328319
Uwuigbe, U., Ranti, U. O., & Bernard, O. (2015). Assessment of the effects of firms’ characteristics on earnings management of listed firms in Nigeria. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(2), 218–228.
Wahyuni, S., Handayani, E., & Pujiharto. (2022). Earnings management: An analysis of corporate strategy, financial performance, and audit quality. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 12(8), 593–603. https://doi.org/10.55493/5002.v12i8.4564
Wang, H. (2020). Operationalizing Synchrophasors for enhanced grid reliability and asset utilization. https://doi.org/10.2172/1601103
Wang, L., Li, Q., Ma, J., Guo, X., Su, T., & Liu, Y. (2020). Deep learning driven rolling evaluation and optimization method of distribution network asset utilization efficiency. 2020 IEEE 4th Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2). https://doi.org/10.1109/ei250167.2020.9347149
Watts, R. L., & Zimmerman, J. (1986). Positive accounting theory. The Accounting Review, 65(1), 131–156. https://www.jstor.org/stable/247880
Yaffee, R. (2003). A primer for panel data analysis. Connect: Information Technology at NYU, 8(3), 1–11. https://web.pdx.edu/~crkl/ec510/pda_yaffee.pdf
Yaghobnezhad, A., & Tajiknia, E. (2023). Earnings management of follower companies in response to the reporting of leading industry companies fraudulently. International Journal of Finance & Managerial Accounting, 8(29), 251-270. https://doi.org/10.30495/ijfma.2023.63262.1728
Zagers-Mamedova, I. (2009). The effect of leverage increases on real earnings management. Erasmus MC: University Medical Center Rotterdam.
Zahoor, U., Shahzad, A., Zaheer, A., & Khan, M. U. (2020). Corporate Governance Index and its Impact on Firm Risk: Empirical Evidence From Pakistan. International Journal of Management (IJM), 5, 1173–1189. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.5.2020.166
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Noman Liaqat, Umair Khalid, Umair Khan
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.